Pronoun and Tenses

Pronoun

Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak. Pronoun merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Macam-macam Pronoun

Macam-macam pronoun beserta penjelasan singkat dan contohnya adalah sebagai berikut :

Macam Pronoun	Penjelasan	Contoh
Personal Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.	I, you, us, them, its
Demonstrative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance (jarak).	this, that, these, those
Interrogative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.	Who is that man? (Siapa lelaki itu?)
Relative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkenalkan relative clause yang menerangkan noun.	The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received. (Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.)
Indefinite Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak spesifik.	anything, everything, none
Reflexive Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek  menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu clause atau kalimat.	I‘m going to buy myself new jeans. (Saya akan membeli celana jins.)
Intensive Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun yang mendahuluinya.	I myself promise not to corrupt the project. (Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.)
Reciprocal Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.	each other, one another

Tenses

1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana)

Contoh kalimat :

(+) She is a new people here.

(+) He plays football every morning

(-) She isn’t a new people here.

(-) He not playing football every morning.

(?) Is she a new people here?

(?) How playing football every morning?

b. Present Continuous  Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang)

Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang.

Contoh kalimat :

(+) They are studying English now.

(+) He is playing badminton now

(-) They aren’t studying English now.

(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now.

(?) Is she going to market now?

c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang)

Contoh kalimat:

(+) I have gone.

(+) They have done

(-) I haven’t gone.

(-)They haven’t done.

(?) Have I gone ?

(?) Have they done ?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Contoh :

(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.

(+) We have been riding a horse for three days

(-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening.

(-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days.

(?) Has she been going to Malang ?

(?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ?

2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)

Contoh :

(+) I saw a good film last night

(+) He came here last month

(-) I saw not a good film last night

(-) He came not  last month

(?) Saw I a good film last night

(?) Came He here last month

b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau)

 Contoh :

(+) He was watching television all afternoon last week

(+) They were talking about sport when I met him

(-)   He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week

(-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him

(?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week

(?) Were they talking about sport when I met him

c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau)

Contoh :

(+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle

(+) The ship had left before I arrived

(-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle

(-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived

(?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ?

(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau)

  Contoh :

(+) They had been living there for two month

(+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton

(-) They hadn’t been living there for two month

(-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton

(?) Had they been living there for two month?

      (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?

3. Future Tense (Akan Datang)

a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana)

Contoh :

(+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow.

(+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock

(?) Will he go to America next month?

(+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow?

b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang)

Contoh :

(+) I will be writing a comic.

(+) I will be studying tomorrow night.

(-) I will not writing a comic.

(-) I will not be studying tomorrow night.

(?)  Will I be writing a comic ?

(?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ?

c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang)

Contoh :

(+) Bily will have done his work by the end of this week.

(+) By next week I shall have read this book.

(-) Bily will haven’t done his work by the end of this week.

(-) By next week I shall haven’t read this book.

(?) Will Billy have done his work by the end of this week ?

(?) Shall I have read this book by next week ?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang)

  

4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

Contoh :

(+) He would come if you invited him.

(+) They would buy a home the previous day.

(-) He wouldn’t come if invited him.

(-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day.

(?)  Would He come if invited him ?

(?) Would they buy a home the previous day ?

b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau)

Contoh :

(+) I should be swimming at this time the following day.

(+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shouldn’t  be swimming at this time the following day.

(-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ?

(?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ?

c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau)

Contoh :

(+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard.

(+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week.

(-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling

(-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week

(?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ?

(?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ?

d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau) 

Contoh :

Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years

(+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year

(-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years

(?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years?

(?) Would Rianawati have bee?

Source:

http://harmansusanto.tripod.com/tenses.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/pronoun-introduction